Categorical semantics

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{{Remark|The above isomorphism does not hold in *-autonomous categories in general. This means that models which are compact closed categories identify <math>\otimes</math> and <math>\parr</math> as well as <math>1</math> and <math>\bot</math>.}}
   
 
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{{Proof|

Latest revision as of 00:29, 4 October 2011

Constructing denotational models of linear can be a tedious work. Categorical semantics are useful to identify the fundamental structure of these models, and thus simplify and make more abstract the elaboration of those models.

TODO: why categories? how to extract categorical models? etc.

See [1]for a more detailed introduction to category theory. See [2]for a detailed treatment of categorical semantics of linear logic.

Contents

[edit] Basic category theory recalled

Definition (Category)


Definition (Functor)


Definition (Natural transformation)


Definition (Adjunction)


Definition (Monad)


[edit] Overview

In order to interpret the various fragments of linear logic, we define incrementally what structure we need in a categorical setting.

  • The most basic underlying structure are symmetric monoidal categories which model the symmetric tensor \otimes and its unit 1.
  • The \otimes, \multimap fragment (IMLL) is captured by so-called symmetric monoidal closed categories.
  • Upgrading to ILL, that is, adding the exponential \oc modality to IMLL requires modelling it categorically. There are various ways to do so: using rich enough adjunctions, or with an ad-hoc definition of a well-behaved comonad which leads to linear categories and close relatives.
  • Dealing with the additives \with, \oplus is quite easy, as they are plain cartesian product and coproduct, usually defined through universal properties in category theory.
  • Retrieving \parr, \bot and \wn is just a matter of dualizing \otimes, 1 and \oc, thus requiring the model to be a *-autonomous category for that purpose.

[edit] Modeling IMLL

A model of IMLL is a closed symmetric monoidal category. We recall the definition of these categories below.

Definition (Monoidal category)

A monoidal category (\mathcal{C},\otimes,I,\alpha,\lambda,\rho) is a category \mathcal{C} equipped with

  • a functor \otimes:\mathcal{C}\times\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{C} called tensor product,
  • an object I called unit object,
  • three natural isomorphisms α, λ and ρ, called respectively associator, left unitor and right unitor, whose components are

\alpha_{A,B,C}:(A\otimes B)\otimes C\to A\otimes (B\otimes C)
\qquad
\lambda_A:I\otimes A\to A
\qquad
\rho_A:A\otimes I\to A

such that

  • for every objects A,B,C,D in \mathcal{C}, the diagram

\xymatrix{
    ((A\otimes B)\otimes C)\otimes D\ar[d]_{\alpha_{A\otimes B,C,D}}\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B,C}\otimes D}&(A\otimes(B\otimes C))\otimes D\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B\otimes C,D}}&A\otimes((B\otimes C)\otimes D)\ar[d]^{A\otimes\alpha_{B,C,D}}\\
    (A\otimes B)\otimes(C\otimes D)\ar[rr]_{\alpha_{A,B,C\otimes D}}&&A\otimes(B\otimes (C\otimes D))
}

commutes,

  • for every objects A and B in \mathcal{C}, the diagram

\xymatrix{
    (A\otimes I)\otimes B\ar[dr]_{\rho_A\otimes B}\ar[rr]^{\alpha_{A,I,B}}&&\ar[dl]^{A\otimes\lambda_B}A\otimes(I\otimes B)\\
    &A\otimes B&
}

commutes.

Definition (Braided, symmetric monoidal category)

A braided monoidal category is a category together with a natural isomorphism of components

\gamma_{A,B}:A\otimes B\to B\otimes A

called braiding, such that the two diagrams


\xymatrix{
&A\otimes(B\otimes C)\ar[r]^{\gamma_{A,B\otimes C}}&(B\otimes C)\otimes A\ar[dr]^{\alpha_{B,C,A}}\\
(A\otimes B)\otimes C\ar[ur]^{\alpha_{A,B,C}}\ar[dr]_{\gamma_{A,B}\otimes C}&&&B\otimes (C\otimes A)\\
&(B\otimes A)\otimes C\ar[r]_{\alpha_{B,A,C}}&B\otimes(A\otimes C)\ar[ur]_{B\otimes\gamma_{A,C}}\\
}

and


\xymatrix{
&(A\otimes B)\otimes C\ar[r]^{\gamma_{A\otimes B,C}}&C\otimes (A\otimes B)\ar[dr]^{\alpha^{-1}_{C,A,B}}&\\
A\otimes (B\otimes C)\ar[ur]^{\alpha^{-1}_{A,B,C}}\ar[dr]_{A\otimes\gamma_{B,C}}&&&(C\otimes A)\otimes B\\
&A\otimes(C\otimes B)\ar[r]_{\alpha^{-1}_{A,C,B}}&(A\otimes C)\otimes B\ar[ur]_{\gamma_{A,C}\otimes B}&\\
}

commute for every objects A, B and C.

A symmetric monoidal category is a braided monoidal category in which the braiding satisfies

\gamma_{B,A}\circ\gamma_{A,B}=A\otimes B

for every objects A and B.

Definition (Closed monoidal category)

A monoidal category (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) is left closed when for every object A, the functor

B\mapsto A\otimes B

has a right adjoint, written

B\mapsto(A\limp B)

This means that there exists a bijection

\mathcal{C}(A\tens B, C) \cong \mathcal{C}(B,A\limp C)

which is natural in B and C. Equivalently, a monoidal category is left closed when it is equipped with a left closed structure, which consists of

  • an object A\limp B,
  • a morphism \mathrm{eval}_{A,B}:A\tens (A\limp B)\to B, called left evaluation,

for every objects A and B, such that for every morphism f:A\otimes X\to B there exists a unique morphism h:X\to A\limp B making the diagram


\xymatrix{
A\tens X\ar@{.>}[d]_{A\tens h}\ar[dr]^{f}\\
A\tens(A\limp B)\ar[r]_-{\mathrm{eval}_{A,B}}&B
}

commute.

Dually, the monoidal category \mathcal{C} is right closed when the functor B\mapsto B\otimes A admits a right adjoint. The notion of right closed structure can be defined similarly.

In a symmetric monoidal category, a left closed structure induces a right closed structure and conversely, allowing us to simply speak of a closed symmetric monoidal category.

[edit] Modeling the additives

Definition (Product)

A product (X12) of two coinitial morphisms f:A\to B and g:A\to C in a category \mathcal{C} is an object X of \mathcal{C} together with two morphisms \pi_1:X\to A and \pi_2:X\to B such that there exists a unique morphism h:A\to X making the diagram


\xymatrix{
&\ar[ddl]_fA\ar@{.>}[d]_h\ar[ddr]^g&\\
&\ar[dl]^{\pi_1}X\ar[dr]_{\pi_2}&\\
B&&C
}

commute.

A category has finite products when it has products and a terminal object.

Definition (Monoid)

A monoid (M,μ,η) in a monoidal category (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) is an object M together with two morphisms

\mu:M\tens M \to M and \eta:I\to M

such that the diagrams


\xymatrix{
&(M\tens M)\tens M\ar[dl]_{\alpha_{M,M,M}}\ar[r]^-{\mu\tens M}&M\tens M\ar[dd]^{\mu}\\
M\tens(M\tens M)\ar[d]_{M\tens\mu}&&\\
M\tens M\ar[rr]_{\mu}&&M\\
}

and


\xymatrix{
I\tens M\ar[r]^{\eta\tens M}\ar[dr]_{\lambda_M}&M\tens M\ar[d]_\mu&\ar[l]_{M\tens\eta}\ar[dl]^{\rho_M}M\tens I\\
&M&
}

commute.

Property

Categories with products vs monoidal categories.

[edit] Modeling ILL

Introduced in[3].

Definition (Linear-non linear (LNL) adjunction)

A linear-non linear adjunction is a symmetric monoidal adjunction between lax monoidal functors


\xymatrix{
(\mathcal{M},\times,\top)\ar@/^/[rr]^{(L,l)}&\bot&\ar@/^/[ll]^{(M,m)}(\mathcal{L},\otimes,I)
}

in which the category \mathcal{M} has finite products.

\oc=L\circ M

This section is devoted to defining the concepts necessary to define these adjunctions.

Definition (Monoidal functor)

A lax monoidal functor (F,f) between two monoidal categories (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) and (\mathcal{D},\bullet,J) consists of

  • a functor F:\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{D} between the underlying categories,
  • a natural transformation f of components f_{A,B}:FA\bullet FB\to F(A\tens B),
  • a morphism f:J\to FI

such that the diagrams


\xymatrix{
    (FA\bullet FB)\bullet FC\ar[d]_{\phi_{A,B}\bullet FC}\ar[r]^{\alpha_{FA,FB,FC}}&FA\bullet(FB\bullet FC)\ar[dr]^{FA\bullet\phi_{B,C}}\\
    F(A\otimes B)\bullet FC\ar[dr]_{\phi_{A\otimes B,C}}&&FA\bullet F(B\otimes C)\ar[d]^{\phi_{A,B\otimes C}}\\
    &F((A\otimes B)\otimes C)\ar[r]_{F\alpha_{A,B,C}}&F(A\otimes(B\otimes C))
}

and


\xymatrix{
    FA\bullet J\ar[d]_{\rho_{FA}}\ar[r]^{FA\bullet\phi}&FA\bullet FI\ar[d]^{\phi_{A,I}}\\
    FA&\ar[l]^{F\rho_A}F(A\otimes I)
}
and 
\xymatrix{
    J\bullet FB\ar[d]_{\lambda_{FB}}\ar[r]^{\phi\bullet FB}&FI\bullet FB\ar[d]^{\phi_{I,B}}\\
    FB&\ar[l]^{F\lambda_B}F(I\otimes B)
}

commute for every objects A, B and C of \mathcal{C}. The morphisms fA,B and f are called coherence maps.

A lax monoidal functor is strong when the coherence maps are invertible and strict when they are identities.

Definition (Monoidal natural transformation)

Suppose that (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) and (\mathcal{D},\bullet,J) are two monoidal categories and


(F,f):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)
and 
(G,g):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)

are two monoidal functors between these categories. A monoidal natural transformation \theta:(F,f)\to (G,g) between these monoidal functors is a natural transformation \theta:F\Rightarrow G between the underlying functors such that the diagrams


\xymatrix{
    FA\bullet FB\ar[d]_{f_{A,B}}\ar[r]^{\theta_A\bullet\theta_B}&\ar[d]^{g_{A,B}}GA\bullet GB\\
    F(A\tens B)\ar[r]_{\theta_{A\tens B}}&G(A\tens B)
}
and 
\xymatrix{
  &\ar[dl]_{f}J\ar[dr]^{g}&\\
  FI\ar[rr]_{\theta_I}&&GI
}

commute for every objects A and B of \mathcal{D}.

Definition (Monoidal adjunction)

A monoidal adjunction between two monoidal functors


(F,f):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)
and 
(G,g):(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)

is an adjunction between the underlying functors F and G such that the unit and the counit

\eta:\mathcal{C}\Rightarrow G\circ F and \varepsilon:F\circ G\Rightarrow\mathcal{D}

induce monoidal natural transformations between the corresponding monoidal functors.

[edit] Modeling negation

[edit] *-autonomous categories

Definition (*-autonomous category)

Suppose that we are given a symmetric monoidal closed category (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) and an object R of \mathcal{C}. For every object A, we define a morphism

\partial_{A}:A\to(A\limp R)\limp R

as follows. By applying the bijection of the adjunction defining (left) closed monoidal categories to the identity morphism \mathrm{id}_{A\limp R}:A\limp R \to A\limp R, we get a morphism A\tens (A\limp R)\to R, and thus a morphism (A\limp R)\tens A\to R by precomposing with the symmetry \gamma_{A\limp R,A}. The morphism \partial_A is finally obtained by applying the bijection of the adjunction defining (left) closed monoidal categories to this morphism. The object R is called dualizing when the morphism \partial_A is a bijection for every object A of \mathcal{C}. A symmetric monoidal closed category is *-autonomous when it admits such a dualizing object.

[edit] Compact closed categories

Definition (Dual objects)

A dual object structure (A,B,\eta,\varepsilon) in a monoidal category (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) is a pair of objects A and B together with two morphisms

\eta:I\to B\otimes A and \varepsilon:A\otimes B\to I

such that the diagrams


\xymatrix{
&A\tens(B\tens A)\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B,A}^{-1}}&(A\tens B)\tens A\ar[dr]^{\varepsilon\tens A}\\
A\tens I\ar[ur]^{A\tens\eta}&&&I\tens A\ar[d]^{\lambda_A}\\
A\ar[u]^{\rho_A^{-1}}\ar@{=}[rrr]&&&A\\
}

and


\xymatrix{
&(B\tens A)\tens B\ar[r]^{\alpha_{B,A,B}}&B\tens(A\tens B)\ar[dr]^{B\tens\varepsilon}\\
I\tens B\ar[ur]^{\eta\tens B}&&&B\tens I\ar[d]^{\rho_B}\\
B\ar[u]^{\lambda_B^{-1}}\ar@{=}[rrr]&&&B\\
}

commute. The object A is called a left dual of B (and conversely B is a right dual of A).

Lemma

Two left (resp. right) duals of a same object B are necessarily isomorphic.

Definition (Compact closed category)

A symmetric monoidal category (\mathcal{C},\tens,I) is compact closed when every object A has a right dual A * . We write

\eta_A:I\to A^*\tens A and \varepsilon_A:A\tens A^*\to I

for the corresponding duality morphisms.

Lemma

In a compact closed category the left and right duals of an object A are isomorphic.

Property

A compact closed category \mathcal{C} is monoidal closed, with closure defined by

\mathcal{C}(A\tens B,C)\cong\mathcal{C}(B,A^*\tens C)

Proof.  To every morphism f:A\tens B\to C, we associate a morphism \ulcorner f\urcorner:B\to A^*\tens C defined as


\xymatrix{
B\ar[r]^-{\lambda_B^{-1}}&I\tens B\ar[r]^-{\eta_A\tens B}&(A^*\tens A)\tens B\ar[r]^-{\alpha_{A^*,A,B}}&A^*\tens(A\tens B)\ar[r]^-{A^*\tens f}&A\tens C\\
}

and to every morphism g:B\to A^*\tens C, we associate a morphism \llcorner g\lrcorner:A\tens B\to C defined as


\xymatrix{
A\tens B\ar[r]^-{A\tens g}&A\tens(A^*\tens C)\ar[r]^-{\alpha_{A,A^*,C}^{-1}}&(A\tens A^*)\tens C\ar[r]^-{\varepsilon_A\tens C}&I\tens C\ar[r]^-{\lambda_C}&C
}

It is easy to show that \llcorner \ulcorner f\urcorner\lrcorner=f and \ulcorner\llcorner g\lrcorner\urcorner=g from which we deduce the required bijection.

Property

A compact closed category is a (degenerated) *-autonomous category, with the obvious duality structure. In particular, (A \otimes B)^* \cong A^*\otimes B^*.

Remark: The above isomorphism does not hold in *-autonomous categories in general. This means that models which are compact closed categories identify \otimes and \parr as well as 1 and \bot.

Proof.  The dualizing object R is simply I * .

For any A, the reverse isomorphism \delta_A : (A \multimap R)\multimap R \rightarrow A is constructed as follows:

\mathcal{C}((A \multimap R)\multimap R, A) := \mathcal{C}((A \otimes I^{**})\otimes I^{**}, A) \cong \mathcal{C}((A \otimes I)\otimes I, A) \cong \mathcal{C}(A, A)

Identity on A is taken as the canonical morphism required.


[edit] Other categorical models

[edit] Lafont categories

[edit] Seely categories

[edit] Linear categories

[edit] Properties of categorical models

[edit] The Kleisli category

[edit] References

  1. MacLane, Saunders. Categories for the Working Mathematician. Volume 5, 1971.
  2. Melliès, Paul-André. Categorical Semantics of Linear Logic.
  3. Benton, Nick. A Mixed Linear and Non-Linear Logic: Proofs, Terms and Models.. CSL'94. journal. Volume 933, 1995.
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