Phase semantics
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Introduction
The semantics given by phase spaces is a kind of "formula and provability semantics", and is thus quite different in spirit from the more usual denotational semantics of linear logic. (Those are rather some "formulas and proofs semantics".)
--- probably a whole lot more of blabla to put here... ---
Preliminaries: relation and closure operators
Part of the structure obtained from phase semantics works in a very general framework and relies solely on the notion of relation between two sets.
Relations and operators on subsets
The starting point of phase semantics is the notion of duality. The structure needed to talk about duality is very simple: one just needs a relation R between two sets X and Y. Using standard mathematical practice, we can write either or to say that and are related.
Definition
If is a relation, we write for the converse relation: iff .
Such a relation yields three interesting operators sending subsets of X to subsets of Y:
Definition
Let be a relation, define the operators , [R] and _R taking subsets of X to subsets of Y as follows:
- iff
- iff
- iff
The operator is usually called the direct image of the relation, [R] is sometimes called the universal image of the relation.
It is trivial to check that and [R] are covariant (increasing for the relation) while _R is contravariant (decreasing for the relation). More interesting:
Lemma (Galois Connections)
- is right-adjoint to [R˜]: for any and , we have iff
- we have iff
This implies directly that commutes with arbitrary unions and [R] commutes with arbitrary intersections. (And in fact, any operator commuting with arbitrary unions (resp. intersections) is of the form (resp. [R]).
Remark: the operator _R sends unions to intersections because is right adjoint to ...
Closure operators
Definition
A closure operator on is a monotonic operator P on the subsets of X which satisfies:
- for all , we have
- for all , we have
Closure operators are quite common in mathematics and computer science. They correspond exactly to the notion of monad on a preorder...
It follows directly from the definition that for any closure operator P, the image P(x) is a fixed point of P. Moreover:
Lemma
P(x) is the smallest fixed point of P containing x.
One other important property is the following:
Lemma
Write for the collection of fixed points of a closure operator P. We have that is a complete inf-lattice.
Remark:
A closure operator is in fact determined by its set of fixed points: we have
Since any complete inf-lattice is automatically a complete sup-lattice, is also a complete sup-lattice. However, the sup operation isn't given by plain union:
Lemma
If P is a closure operator on , and if is a (possibly infinite) family of subsets of X, we write .
We have is a complete lattice.
Proof. easy.
A rather direct consequence of the Galois connections of the previous section is:
Lemma
The operator and and the operator are closures.
A last trivial lemma:
Lemma
We have .
As a consequence, a subset is in iff it is of the form .
Remark: everything gets a little simpler when R is a symmetric relation on X.
Phase Semantics
Phase spaces
Definition (monoid)
A monoid is simply a set X equipped with a binary operation s.t.:
- the operation is associative
- there is a neutral element
The monoid is commutative when the binary operation is commutative.
Definition (Phase space)
A phase space is given by:
- a commutative monoid ,
- together with a subset .
The elements of X are called phases.
We write for the relation . This relation is symmetric.
A fact in a phase space is simply a fixed point for the closure operator .
Thanks to the preliminary work, we have:
Corollary
The set of facts of a phase space is a complete lattice where:
- is simply ,
- is .
Additive connectives
The previous corollary makes the following definition correct:
Definition (additive connectives)
If is a phase space, we define the following facts and operations on facts:
Once again, the next lemma follows from previous observations:
Lemma (additive de Morgan laws)
We have
Multiplicative connectives
In order to define the multiplicative connectives, we actually need to use the monoid structure of our phase space. One interpretation that is reminiscent in phase semantics is that our spaces are collections of tests / programs / proofs / strategies that can interact with each other. The result of the interaction between a and b is simply .
The set can be thought of as the set of "good" things, and we thus have iff "a interacts correctly with all the elements of x".
Definition
If x and y are two subsets of a phase space, we write for the set .
Thus contains all the possible interactions between one element of x and one element of y.
The tensor connective of linear logic is now defined as:
Definition (multiplicative connectives)
If x and y are facts in a phase space, we define
- ;
- ;
- the tensor to be the fact ;
- the par connective is the de Morgan dual of the tensor: ;
- the linear arrow is just .
Note that by unfolding the definition of , we have the following, "intuitive" definition of :
Lemma
If x and y are facts, we have iff
Proof. easy exercise.
Readers familiar with realisability will appreciate...
Remark:
Some people say that this idea of orthogonality was implicitly present in Tait's proof of strong normalisation. More recently, Jean-Louis Krivine and Alexandre Miquel have used the idea explicitly to do realisability...
Properties
All the expected properties hold:
Lemma
- The operations , , and are commutative and associative,
- They have respectively , , and for neutral element,
- is absorbant for ,
- is absorbant for ,
- distributes over ,
- distributes over .
Exponentials
Definition (Exponentials)
Write I for the set of idempotents of a phase space: . We put:
- ,
- .
This definition captures precisely the intuition behind the exponentials:
- we need to have contraction, hence we restrict to indempotents in x,
- and weakening, hence we restrict to .
Since I isn't necessarily a fact, we then take the biorthogonal to get a fact...