Categorical semantics

Latest revision as of 00:29, 4 October 2011

Constructing denotational models of linear can be a tedious work. Categorical semantics are useful to identify the fundamental structure of these models, and thus simplify and make more abstract the elaboration of those models.

TODO: why categories? how to extract categorical models? etc.

See ^[1]for a more detailed introduction to category theory. See ^[2]for a detailed treatment of categorical semantics of linear logic.

[edit] Basic category theory recalled

Definition (Category)

Definition (Functor)

Definition (Natural transformation)

Definition (Adjunction)

Definition (Monad)

[edit] Overview

In order to interpret the various fragments of linear logic, we define incrementally what structure we need in a categorical setting.

The most basic underlying structure are symmetric monoidal categories which model the symmetric tensor $\otimes$ and its unit $1$ .
The $\otimes, \multimap$ fragment (IMLL) is captured by so-called symmetric monoidal closed categories.
Upgrading to ILL, that is, adding the exponential $\oc$ modality to IMLL requires modelling it categorically. There are various ways to do so: using rich enough adjunctions, or with an ad-hoc definition of a well-behaved comonad which leads to linear categories and close relatives.
Dealing with the additives $\with, \oplus$ is quite easy, as they are plain cartesian product and coproduct, usually defined through universal properties in category theory.
Retrieving $\parr$ , $\bot$ and $\wn$ is just a matter of dualizing $\otimes$ , $1$ and $\oc$ , thus requiring the model to be a *-autonomous category for that purpose.

[edit] Modeling IMLL

A model of IMLL is a closed symmetric monoidal category. We recall the definition of these categories below.

Definition (Monoidal category)

A monoidal category $(\mathcal{C},\otimes,I,\alpha,\lambda,\rho)$ is a category $\mathcal{C}$ equipped with

a functor $\otimes:\mathcal{C}\times\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{C}$ called tensor product,
an object $I$ called unit object,
three natural isomorphisms $α$ , $λ$ and $ρ$ , called respectively associator, left unitor and right unitor, whose components are

$\alpha_{A,B,C}:(A\otimes B)\otimes C\to A\otimes (B\otimes C) \qquad \lambda_A:I\otimes A\to A \qquad \rho_A:A\otimes I\to A$

such that

for every objects $A, B, C, D$ in $\mathcal{C}$ , the diagram

$\xymatrix{ ((A\otimes B)\otimes C)\otimes D\ar[d]_{\alpha_{A\otimes B,C,D}}\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B,C}\otimes D}&(A\otimes(B\otimes C))\otimes D\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B\otimes C,D}}&A\otimes((B\otimes C)\otimes D)\ar[d]^{A\otimes\alpha_{B,C,D}}\\ (A\otimes B)\otimes(C\otimes D)\ar[rr]_{\alpha_{A,B,C\otimes D}}&&A\otimes(B\otimes (C\otimes D)) }$

commutes,

for every objects $A$ and $B$ in $\mathcal{C}$ , the diagram

$\xymatrix{ (A\otimes I)\otimes B\ar[dr]_{\rho_A\otimes B}\ar[rr]^{\alpha_{A,I,B}}&&\ar[dl]^{A\otimes\lambda_B}A\otimes(I\otimes B)\\ &A\otimes B& }$

commutes.

Definition (Braided, symmetric monoidal category)

A braided monoidal category is a category together with a natural isomorphism of components

$\gamma_{A,B}:A\otimes B\to B\otimes A$

called braiding, such that the two diagrams

$\xymatrix{ &A\otimes(B\otimes C)\ar[r]^{\gamma_{A,B\otimes C}}&(B\otimes C)\otimes A\ar[dr]^{\alpha_{B,C,A}}\\ (A\otimes B)\otimes C\ar[ur]^{\alpha_{A,B,C}}\ar[dr]_{\gamma_{A,B}\otimes C}&&&B\otimes (C\otimes A)\\ &(B\otimes A)\otimes C\ar[r]_{\alpha_{B,A,C}}&B\otimes(A\otimes C)\ar[ur]_{B\otimes\gamma_{A,C}}\\ }$

and

$\xymatrix{ &(A\otimes B)\otimes C\ar[r]^{\gamma_{A\otimes B,C}}&C\otimes (A\otimes B)\ar[dr]^{\alpha^{-1}_{C,A,B}}&\\ A\otimes (B\otimes C)\ar[ur]^{\alpha^{-1}_{A,B,C}}\ar[dr]_{A\otimes\gamma_{B,C}}&&&(C\otimes A)\otimes B\\ &A\otimes(C\otimes B)\ar[r]_{\alpha^{-1}_{A,C,B}}&(A\otimes C)\otimes B\ar[ur]_{\gamma_{A,C}\otimes B}&\\ }$

commute for every objects $A$ , $B$ and $C$ .

A symmetric monoidal category is a braided monoidal category in which the braiding satisfies

$\gamma_{B,A}\circ\gamma_{A,B}=A\otimes B$

for every objects $A$ and $B$ .

Definition (Closed monoidal category)

A monoidal category $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ is left closed when for every object $A$ , the functor

$B\mapsto A\otimes B$

has a right adjoint, written

$B\mapsto(A\limp B)$

This means that there exists a bijection

$\mathcal{C}(A\tens B, C) \cong \mathcal{C}(B,A\limp C)$

which is natural in $B$ and $C$ . Equivalently, a monoidal category is left closed when it is equipped with a left closed structure, which consists of

an object $A\limp B$ ,
a morphism $\mathrm{eval}_{A,B}:A\tens (A\limp B)\to B$ , called left evaluation,

for every objects $A$ and $B$ , such that for every morphism $f:A\otimes X\to B$ there exists a unique morphism $h:X\to A\limp B$ making the diagram

$\xymatrix{ A\tens X\ar@{.>}[d]_{A\tens h}\ar[dr]^{f}\\ A\tens(A\limp B)\ar[r]_-{\mathrm{eval}_{A,B}}&B }$

commute.

Dually, the monoidal category $\mathcal{C}$ is right closed when the functor $B\mapsto B\otimes A$ admits a right adjoint. The notion of right closed structure can be defined similarly.

In a symmetric monoidal category, a left closed structure induces a right closed structure and conversely, allowing us to simply speak of a closed symmetric monoidal category.

[edit] Modeling the additives

Definition (Product)

A product $(X,π 1,π 2)$ of two coinitial morphisms $f:A\to B$ and $g:A\to C$ in a category $\mathcal{C}$ is an object $X$ of $\mathcal{C}$ together with two morphisms $\pi_1:X\to A$ and $\pi_2:X\to B$ such that there exists a unique morphism $h:A\to X$ making the diagram

$\xymatrix{ &\ar[ddl]_fA\ar@{.>}[d]_h\ar[ddr]^g&\\ &\ar[dl]^{\pi_1}X\ar[dr]_{\pi_2}&\\ B&&C }$

commute.

A category has finite products when it has products and a terminal object.

Definition (Monoid)

A monoid $(M,μ,η)$ in a monoidal category $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ is an object $M$ together with two morphisms

$\mu:M\tens M \to M$ and $\eta:I\to M$

such that the diagrams

$\xymatrix{ &(M\tens M)\tens M\ar[dl]_{\alpha_{M,M,M}}\ar[r]^-{\mu\tens M}&M\tens M\ar[dd]^{\mu}\\ M\tens(M\tens M)\ar[d]_{M\tens\mu}&&\\ M\tens M\ar[rr]_{\mu}&&M\\ }$

and

$\xymatrix{ I\tens M\ar[r]^{\eta\tens M}\ar[dr]_{\lambda_M}&M\tens M\ar[d]_\mu&\ar[l]_{M\tens\eta}\ar[dl]^{\rho_M}M\tens I\\ &M& }$

commute.

Property

Categories with products vs monoidal categories.

[edit] Modeling ILL

Introduced in^[3].

Definition (Linear-non linear (LNL) adjunction)

A linear-non linear adjunction is a symmetric monoidal adjunction between lax monoidal functors

$\xymatrix{ (\mathcal{M},\times,\top)\ar@/^/[rr]^{(L,l)}&\bot&\ar@/^/[ll]^{(M,m)}(\mathcal{L},\otimes,I) }$

in which the category $\mathcal{M}$ has finite products.

$\oc=L\circ M$

This section is devoted to defining the concepts necessary to define these adjunctions.

Definition (Monoidal functor)

A lax monoidal functor $(F, f)$ between two monoidal categories $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ and $(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)$ consists of

a functor $F:\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{D}$ between the underlying categories,
a natural transformation $f$ of components $f_{A,B}:FA\bullet FB\to F(A\tens B)$ ,
a morphism $f:J\to FI$

such that the diagrams

$\xymatrix{ (FA\bullet FB)\bullet FC\ar[d]_{\phi_{A,B}\bullet FC}\ar[r]^{\alpha_{FA,FB,FC}}&FA\bullet(FB\bullet FC)\ar[dr]^{FA\bullet\phi_{B,C}}\\ F(A\otimes B)\bullet FC\ar[dr]_{\phi_{A\otimes B,C}}&&FA\bullet F(B\otimes C)\ar[d]^{\phi_{A,B\otimes C}}\\ &F((A\otimes B)\otimes C)\ar[r]_{F\alpha_{A,B,C}}&F(A\otimes(B\otimes C)) }$

and

$\xymatrix{ FA\bullet J\ar[d]_{\rho_{FA}}\ar[r]^{FA\bullet\phi}&FA\bullet FI\ar[d]^{\phi_{A,I}}\\ FA&\ar[l]^{F\rho_A}F(A\otimes I) }$ and $\xymatrix{ J\bullet FB\ar[d]_{\lambda_{FB}}\ar[r]^{\phi\bullet FB}&FI\bullet FB\ar[d]^{\phi_{I,B}}\\ FB&\ar[l]^{F\lambda_B}F(I\otimes B) }$

commute for every objects $A$ , $B$ and $C$ of $\mathcal{C}$ . The morphisms $f A, B$ and $f$ are called coherence maps.

A lax monoidal functor is strong when the coherence maps are invertible and strict when they are identities.

Definition (Monoidal natural transformation)

Suppose that $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ and $(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)$ are two monoidal categories and

$(F,f):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)$ and $(G,g):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)$

are two monoidal functors between these categories. A monoidal natural transformation $\theta:(F,f)\to (G,g)$ between these monoidal functors is a natural transformation $\theta:F\Rightarrow G$ between the underlying functors such that the diagrams

$\xymatrix{ FA\bullet FB\ar[d]_{f_{A,B}}\ar[r]^{\theta_A\bullet\theta_B}&\ar[d]^{g_{A,B}}GA\bullet GB\\ F(A\tens B)\ar[r]_{\theta_{A\tens B}}&G(A\tens B) }$ and $\xymatrix{ &\ar[dl]_{f}J\ar[dr]^{g}&\\ FI\ar[rr]_{\theta_I}&&GI }$

commute for every objects $A$ and $B$ of $\mathcal{D}$ .

Definition (Monoidal adjunction)

A monoidal adjunction between two monoidal functors

$(F,f):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)$ and $(G,g):(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$

is an adjunction between the underlying functors $F$ and $G$ such that the unit and the counit

$\eta:\mathcal{C}\Rightarrow G\circ F$ and $\varepsilon:F\circ G\Rightarrow\mathcal{D}$

induce monoidal natural transformations between the corresponding monoidal functors.

[edit] Modeling negation

[edit] *-autonomous categories

Definition (*-autonomous category)

Suppose that we are given a symmetric monoidal closed category $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ and an object $R$ of $\mathcal{C}$ . For every object $A$ , we define a morphism

$\partial_{A}:A\to(A\limp R)\limp R$

as follows. By applying the bijection of the adjunction defining (left) closed monoidal categories to the identity morphism $\mathrm{id}_{A\limp R}:A\limp R \to A\limp R$ , we get a morphism $A\tens (A\limp R)\to R$ , and thus a morphism $(A\limp R)\tens A\to R$ by precomposing with the symmetry $\gamma_{A\limp R,A}$ . The morphism $\partial_A$ is finally obtained by applying the bijection of the adjunction defining (left) closed monoidal categories to this morphism. The object $R$ is called dualizing when the morphism $\partial_A$ is a bijection for every object $A$ of $\mathcal{C}$ . A symmetric monoidal closed category is *-autonomous when it admits such a dualizing object.

[edit] Compact closed categories

Definition (Dual objects)

A dual object structure $(A,B,\eta,\varepsilon)$ in a monoidal category $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ is a pair of objects $A$ and $B$ together with two morphisms

$\eta:I\to B\otimes A$ and $\varepsilon:A\otimes B\to I$

such that the diagrams

$\xymatrix{ &A\tens(B\tens A)\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B,A}^{-1}}&(A\tens B)\tens A\ar[dr]^{\varepsilon\tens A}\\ A\tens I\ar[ur]^{A\tens\eta}&&&I\tens A\ar[d]^{\lambda_A}\\ A\ar[u]^{\rho_A^{-1}}\ar@{=}[rrr]&&&A\\ }$

and

$\xymatrix{ &(B\tens A)\tens B\ar[r]^{\alpha_{B,A,B}}&B\tens(A\tens B)\ar[dr]^{B\tens\varepsilon}\\ I\tens B\ar[ur]^{\eta\tens B}&&&B\tens I\ar[d]^{\rho_B}\\ B\ar[u]^{\lambda_B^{-1}}\ar@{=}[rrr]&&&B\\ }$

commute. The object $A$ is called a left dual of $B$ (and conversely $B$ is a right dual of $A$ ).

Lemma

Two left (resp. right) duals of a same object $B$ are necessarily isomorphic.

Definition (Compact closed category)

A symmetric monoidal category $(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)$ is compact closed when every object $A$ has a right dual $A *$ . We write

$\eta_A:I\to A^*\tens A$ and $\varepsilon_A:A\tens A^*\to I$

for the corresponding duality morphisms.

Lemma

In a compact closed category the left and right duals of an object $A$ are isomorphic.

Property

A compact closed category $\mathcal{C}$ is monoidal closed, with closure defined by

$\mathcal{C}(A\tens B,C)\cong\mathcal{C}(B,A^*\tens C)$

Proof. To every morphism $f:A\tens B\to C$ , we associate a morphism $\ulcorner f\urcorner:B\to A^*\tens C$ defined as

$\xymatrix{ B\ar[r]^-{\lambda_B^{-1}}&I\tens B\ar[r]^-{\eta_A\tens B}&(A^*\tens A)\tens B\ar[r]^-{\alpha_{A^*,A,B}}&A^*\tens(A\tens B)\ar[r]^-{A^*\tens f}&A\tens C\\ }$

and to every morphism $g:B\to A^*\tens C$ , we associate a morphism $\llcorner g\lrcorner:A\tens B\to C$ defined as

$\xymatrix{ A\tens B\ar[r]^-{A\tens g}&A\tens(A^*\tens C)\ar[r]^-{\alpha_{A,A^*,C}^{-1}}&(A\tens A^*)\tens C\ar[r]^-{\varepsilon_A\tens C}&I\tens C\ar[r]^-{\lambda_C}&C }$

It is easy to show that $\llcorner \ulcorner f\urcorner\lrcorner=f$ and $\ulcorner\llcorner g\lrcorner\urcorner=g$ from which we deduce the required bijection.

Property

A compact closed category is a (degenerated) *-autonomous category, with the obvious duality structure. In particular, $(A \otimes B)^* \cong A^*\otimes B^*$ .

Remark: The above isomorphism does not hold in *-autonomous categories in general. This means that models which are compact closed categories identify $\otimes$ and $\parr$ as well as $1$ and $\bot$ .

Proof. The dualizing object $R$ is simply $I *$ .

For any $A$ , the reverse isomorphism $\delta_A : (A \multimap R)\multimap R \rightarrow A$ is constructed as follows:

$\mathcal{C}((A \multimap R)\multimap R, A) := \mathcal{C}((A \otimes I^{**})\otimes I^{**}, A) \cong \mathcal{C}((A \otimes I)\otimes I, A) \cong \mathcal{C}(A, A)$

Identity on $A$ is taken as the canonical morphism required.

[edit] Other categorical models

[edit] Lafont categories

[edit] Seely categories

[edit] Linear categories

[edit] Properties of categorical models

[edit] The Kleisli category

[edit] References

↑ MacLane, Saunders. Categories for the Working Mathematician. Volume 5, 1971.
↑ Melliès, Paul-André. Categorical Semantics of Linear Logic.
↑ Benton, Nick. A Mixed Linear and Non-Linear Logic: Proofs, Terms and Models.. CSL'94. journal. Volume 933, 1995.

[0] MacLane, Saunders. Categories for the Working Mathematician. Volume 5, 1971.

[1] Melliès, Paul-André. Categorical Semantics of Linear Logic.

[2] Benton, Nick. A Mixed Linear and Non-Linear Logic: Proofs, Terms and Models.. CSL'94. journal. Volume 933, 1995.

[1]

[2]

[3]

Categorical semantics

Latest revision as of 00:29, 4 October 2011

Contents

[edit] Basic category theory recalled

[edit] Overview

[edit] Modeling IMLL

[edit] Modeling the additives

[edit] Modeling ILL

[edit] Modeling negation

[edit] *-autonomous categories

[edit] Compact closed categories

[edit] Other categorical models

[edit] Lafont categories

[edit] Seely categories

[edit] Linear categories

[edit] Properties of categorical models

[edit] The Kleisli category

[edit] References

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-TODO: why categories? how to extract categorical models? etc.
+Constructing denotational models of linear can be a tedious work. Categorical semantics are useful to identify the fundamental structure of these models, and thus simplify and make more abstract the elaboration of those models.
-== Categories recalled ==
+ TODO: why categories? how to extract categorical models? etc.
-See <ref>{{BibEntry|bibtype=book|author=MacLane, Saunders|title=Categories for the Working Mathematician|publisher=Springer Verlag,year=1971,volume=5,series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics}}</ref>for a more detailed introduction to category theory.
-=== Monoidal categories ===
+See <ref>{{BibEntry|bibtype=book|author=MacLane, Saunders|title=Categories for the Working Mathematician|publisher=Springer Verlag|year=1971|volume=5|series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics}}</ref>for a more detailed introduction to category theory. See <ref>{{BibEntry|bibtype=book|author=Melliès, Paul-André|title=Categorical Semantics of Linear Logic}}</ref>for a detailed treatment of categorical semantics of linear logic.
+== Basic category theory recalled ==
+{{Definition|title=Category|
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Functor|
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Natural transformation|
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Adjunction|
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Monad|
+}}
+== Overview ==
+In order to interpret the various [[fragment]]s of linear logic, we define incrementally what structure we need in a categorical setting.
+* The most basic underlying structure are '''symmetric monoidal categories''' which model the symmetric tensor <math>\otimes</math> and its unit <math>1</math>.
+* The <math>\otimes, \multimap</math> fragment ([[IMLL]]) is captured by so-called '''symmetric monoidal closed categories'''.
+* Upgrading to [[ILL]], that is, adding the exponential <math>\oc</math> modality to IMLL requires modelling it categorically. There are various ways to do so: using rich enough '''adjunctions''', or with an ad-hoc definition of a well-behaved comonad which leads to '''linear categories''' and close relatives.
+* Dealing with the additives <math>\with, \oplus</math> is quite easy, as they are plain '''cartesian product''' and '''coproduct''', usually defined through universal properties in category theory.
+* Retrieving <math>\parr</math>, <math>\bot</math> and <math>\wn</math> is just a matter of dualizing <math>\otimes</math>, <math>1</math> and <math>\oc</math>, thus requiring the model to be a '''*-autonomous category''' for that purpose.
+== Modeling [[IMLL]] ==
+A model of [[IMLL]] is a ''closed symmetric monoidal category''. We recall the definition of these categories below.
 {{Definition|title=Monoidal category|
-A monoidal category <math>(\mathcal{C},\otimes,I)</math> is a category <math>\mathcal{C}</math> equipped with
+A ''monoidal category'' <math>(\mathcal{C},\otimes,I,\alpha,\lambda,\rho)</math> is a category <math>\mathcal{C}</math> equipped with
 * a functor <math>\otimes:\mathcal{C}\times\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{C}</math> called ''tensor product'',
 * an object <math>I</math> called ''unit object'',
-* three natural isomorphisms of components
+* three natural isomorphisms <math>\alpha</math>, <math>\lambda</math> and <math>\rho</math>, called respectively ''associator'', ''left unitor'' and ''right unitor'', whose components are
 : <math>
 \alpha_{A,B,C}:(A\otimes B)\otimes C\to A\otimes (B\otimes C)
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 \rho_A:A\otimes I\to A
 </math>
-called respectively ''associator'', ''left unitor'' and ''right unitor'',
 such that
 * for every objects <math>A,B,C,D</math> in <math>\mathcal{C}</math>, the diagram
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+    ((A\otimes B)\otimes C)\otimes D\ar[d]_{\alpha_{A\otimes B,C,D}}\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B,C}\otimes D}&(A\otimes(B\otimes C))\otimes D\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B\otimes C,D}}&A\otimes((B\otimes C)\otimes D)\ar[d]^{A\otimes\alpha_{B,C,D}}\\
+    (A\otimes B)\otimes(C\otimes D)\ar[rr]_{\alpha_{A,B,C\otimes D}}&&A\otimes(B\otimes (C\otimes D))
+}
+</math>
 commutes,
-* for every objects <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> in <math>\mathcal{C}</math>, the diagrams
+* for every objects <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> in <math>\mathcal{C}</math>, the diagram
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+    (A\otimes I)\otimes B\ar[dr]_{\rho_A\otimes B}\ar[rr]^{\alpha_{A,I,B}}&&\ar[dl]^{A\otimes\lambda_B}A\otimes(I\otimes B)\\
+    &A\otimes B&
+}
+</math>
+commutes.
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Braided, symmetric monoidal category|
+A ''braided'' monoidal category is a category together with a natural isomorphism of components
+:<math>\gamma_{A,B}:A\otimes B\to B\otimes A</math>
+called ''braiding'', such that the two diagrams
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+&A\otimes(B\otimes C)\ar[r]^{\gamma_{A,B\otimes C}}&(B\otimes C)\otimes A\ar[dr]^{\alpha_{B,C,A}}\\
+(A\otimes B)\otimes C\ar[ur]^{\alpha_{A,B,C}}\ar[dr]_{\gamma_{A,B}\otimes C}&&&B\otimes (C\otimes A)\\
+&(B\otimes A)\otimes C\ar[r]_{\alpha_{B,A,C}}&B\otimes(A\otimes C)\ar[ur]_{B\otimes\gamma_{A,C}}\\
+}
+</math>
+and
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+&(A\otimes B)\otimes C\ar[r]^{\gamma_{A\otimes B,C}}&C\otimes (A\otimes B)\ar[dr]^{\alpha^{-1}_{C,A,B}}&\\
+A\otimes (B\otimes C)\ar[ur]^{\alpha^{-1}_{A,B,C}}\ar[dr]_{A\otimes\gamma_{B,C}}&&&(C\otimes A)\otimes B\\
+&A\otimes(C\otimes B)\ar[r]_{\alpha^{-1}_{A,C,B}}&(A\otimes C)\otimes B\ar[ur]_{\gamma_{A,C}\otimes B}&\\
+}
+</math>
+commute for every objects <math>A</math>, <math>B</math> and <math>C</math>.
+A ''symmetric'' monoidal category is a braided monoidal category in which the braiding satisfies
+:<math>\gamma_{B,A}\circ\gamma_{A,B}=A\otimes B</math>
+for every objects <math>A</math> and <math>B</math>.
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Closed monoidal category|
+A monoidal category <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> is ''left closed'' when for every object <math>A</math>, the functor
+:<math>B\mapsto A\otimes B</math>
+has a right adjoint, written
+:<math>B\mapsto(A\limp B)</math>
+This means that there exists a bijection
+:<math>\mathcal{C}(A\tens B, C) \cong \mathcal{C}(B,A\limp C)</math>
+which is natural in <math>B</math> and <math>C</math>.
+Equivalently, a monoidal category is left closed when it is equipped with a ''left closed structure'', which consists of
+* an object <math>A\limp B</math>,
+* a morphism <math>\mathrm{eval}_{A,B}:A\tens (A\limp B)\to B</math>, called ''left evaluation'',
+for every objects <math>A</math> and <math>B</math>, such that for every morphism <math>f:A\otimes X\to B</math> there exists a unique morphism <math>h:X\to A\limp B</math> making the diagram
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+A\tens X\ar@{.>}[d]_{A\tens h}\ar[dr]^{f}\\
+A\tens(A\limp B)\ar[r]_-{\mathrm{eval}_{A,B}}&B
+}
+</math>
 commute.
+Dually, the monoidal category <math>\mathcal{C}</math> is ''right closed'' when the functor <math>B\mapsto B\otimes A</math> admits a right adjoint. The notion of ''right closed structure'' can be defined similarly.
 }}
+In a symmetric monoidal category, a left closed structure induces a right closed structure and conversely, allowing us to simply speak of a ''closed symmetric monoidal category''.
+== Modeling the additives ==
+{{Definition|title=Product|
+A ''product'' <math>(X,\pi_1,\pi_2)</math> of two coinitial morphisms <math>f:A\to B</math> and <math>g:A\to C</math> in a category <math>\mathcal{C}</math> is an object <math>X</math> of <math>\mathcal{C}</math> together with two morphisms <math>\pi_1:X\to A</math> and <math>\pi_2:X\to B</math> such that there exists a unique morphism <math>h:A\to X</math> making the diagram
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+&\ar[ddl]_fA\ar@{.>}[d]_h\ar[ddr]^g&\\
+&\ar[dl]^{\pi_1}X\ar[dr]_{\pi_2}&\\
+B&&C
+}
+</math>
+commute.
+}}
+A category has ''finite products'' when it has products and a terminal object.
+{{Definition|title=Monoid|
+A ''monoid'' <math>(M,\mu,\eta)</math> in a monoidal category <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> is an object <math>M</math> together with two morphisms
+:<math>\mu:M\tens M \to M</math> and <math>\eta:I\to M</math>
+such that the diagrams
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+&(M\tens M)\tens M\ar[dl]_{\alpha_{M,M,M}}\ar[r]^-{\mu\tens M}&M\tens M\ar[dd]^{\mu}\\
+M\tens(M\tens M)\ar[d]_{M\tens\mu}&&\\
+M\tens M\ar[rr]_{\mu}&&M\\
+}
+</math>
+and
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+I\tens M\ar[r]^{\eta\tens M}\ar[dr]_{\lambda_M}&M\tens M\ar[d]_\mu&\ar[l]_{M\tens\eta}\ar[dl]^{\rho_M}M\tens I\\
+&M&
+}
+</math>
+commute.
+}}
+{{Property|
+Categories with products vs monoidal categories.
+}}
+== Modeling [[ILL]] ==
+Introduced in<ref>{{BibEntry|type=journal|author=Benton, Nick|title=A Mixed Linear and Non-Linear Logic: Proofs, Terms and Models.|journal=CSL'94|volume=933|year=1995}}</ref>.
+{{Definition|title=Linear-non linear (LNL) adjunction|
+A ''linear-non linear adjunction'' is a symmetric monoidal adjunction between lax monoidal functors
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+(\mathcal{M},\times,\top)\ar@/^/[rr]^{(L,l)}&\bot&\ar@/^/[ll]^{(M,m)}(\mathcal{L},\otimes,I)
+}
+</math>
+in which the category <math>\mathcal{M}</math> has finite products.
+}}
+:<math>\oc=L\circ M</math>
+This section is devoted to defining the concepts necessary to define these adjunctions.
+{{Definition|title=Monoidal functor|
+A ''lax monoidal functor'' <math>(F,f)</math> between two monoidal categories <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> and <math>(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)</math> consists of
+* a functor <math>F:\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{D}</math> between the underlying categories,
+* a natural transformation <math>f</math> of components <math>f_{A,B}:FA\bullet FB\to F(A\tens B)</math>,
+* a morphism <math>f:J\to FI</math>
+such that the diagrams
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+    (FA\bullet FB)\bullet FC\ar[d]_{\phi_{A,B}\bullet FC}\ar[r]^{\alpha_{FA,FB,FC}}&FA\bullet(FB\bullet FC)\ar[dr]^{FA\bullet\phi_{B,C}}\\
+    F(A\otimes B)\bullet FC\ar[dr]_{\phi_{A\otimes B,C}}&&FA\bullet F(B\otimes C)\ar[d]^{\phi_{A,B\otimes C}}\\
+    &F((A\otimes B)\otimes C)\ar[r]_{F\alpha_{A,B,C}}&F(A\otimes(B\otimes C))
+}
+</math>
+and
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+    FA\bullet J\ar[d]_{\rho_{FA}}\ar[r]^{FA\bullet\phi}&FA\bullet FI\ar[d]^{\phi_{A,I}}\\
+    FA&\ar[l]^{F\rho_A}F(A\otimes I)
+}
+</math> and <math>
+\xymatrix{
+    J\bullet FB\ar[d]_{\lambda_{FB}}\ar[r]^{\phi\bullet FB}&FI\bullet FB\ar[d]^{\phi_{I,B}}\\
+    FB&\ar[l]^{F\lambda_B}F(I\otimes B)
+}
+</math>
+commute for every objects <math>A</math>, <math>B</math> and <math>C</math> of <math>\mathcal{C}</math>. The morphisms <math>f_{A,B}</math> and <math>f</math> are called ''coherence maps''.
+A lax monoidal functor is ''strong'' when the coherence maps are invertible and ''strict'' when they are identities.
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Monoidal natural transformation|
+Suppose that <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> and <math>(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)</math> are two monoidal categories and
+:<math>
+(F,f):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)
+</math> and <math>
+(G,g):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)
+</math>
+are two monoidal functors between these categories. A ''monoidal natural transformation'' <math>\theta:(F,f)\to (G,g)</math> between these monoidal functors is a natural transformation <math>\theta:F\Rightarrow G</math> between the underlying functors such that the diagrams
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+    FA\bullet FB\ar[d]_{f_{A,B}}\ar[r]^{\theta_A\bullet\theta_B}&\ar[d]^{g_{A,B}}GA\bullet GB\\
+    F(A\tens B)\ar[r]_{\theta_{A\tens B}}&G(A\tens B)
+}
+</math> and <math>
+\xymatrix{
+  &\ar[dl]_{f}J\ar[dr]^{g}&\\
+  FI\ar[rr]_{\theta_I}&&GI
+}
+</math>
+commute for every objects <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> of <math>\mathcal{D}</math>.
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Monoidal adjunction|
+A ''monoidal adjunction'' between two monoidal functors
+:<math>
+(F,f):(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)
+</math> and <math>
+(G,g):(\mathcal{D},\bullet,J)\Rightarrow(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)
+</math>
+is an adjunction between the underlying functors <math>F</math> and <math>G</math> such that the unit and the counit
+:<math>\eta:\mathcal{C}\Rightarrow G\circ F</math> and <math>\varepsilon:F\circ G\Rightarrow\mathcal{D}</math>
+induce monoidal natural transformations between the corresponding monoidal functors.
+}}
+== Modeling negation ==
+=== *-autonomous categories ===
+{{Definition|title=*-autonomous category|
+Suppose that we are given a symmetric monoidal closed category <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> and an object <math>R</math> of <math>\mathcal{C}</math>. For every object <math>A</math>, we define a morphism
+:<math>\partial_{A}:A\to(A\limp R)\limp R</math>
+as follows. By applying the bijection of the adjunction defining (left) closed monoidal categories to the identity morphism <math>\mathrm{id}_{A\limp R}:A\limp R \to A\limp R</math>, we get a morphism <math>A\tens (A\limp R)\to R</math>, and thus a morphism <math>(A\limp R)\tens A\to R</math> by precomposing with the symmetry <math>\gamma_{A\limp R,A}</math>. The morphism <math>\partial_A</math> is finally obtained by applying the bijection of the adjunction defining (left) closed monoidal categories to this morphism. The object <math>R</math> is called ''dualizing'' when the morphism <math>\partial_A</math> is a bijection for every object <math>A</math> of <math>\mathcal{C}</math>. A symmetric monoidal closed category is ''*-autonomous'' when it admits such a dualizing object.
+}}
+=== Compact closed categories ===
+{{Definition|title=Dual objects|
+A ''dual object'' structure <math>(A,B,\eta,\varepsilon)</math> in a monoidal category <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> is a pair of objects <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> together with two morphisms
+:<math>\eta:I\to B\otimes A</math> and <math>\varepsilon:A\otimes B\to I</math>
+such that the diagrams
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+&A\tens(B\tens A)\ar[r]^{\alpha_{A,B,A}^{-1}}&(A\tens B)\tens A\ar[dr]^{\varepsilon\tens A}\\
+A\tens I\ar[ur]^{A\tens\eta}&&&I\tens A\ar[d]^{\lambda_A}\\
+A\ar[u]^{\rho_A^{-1}}\ar@{=}[rrr]&&&A\\
+}
+</math>
+and
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+&(B\tens A)\tens B\ar[r]^{\alpha_{B,A,B}}&B\tens(A\tens B)\ar[dr]^{B\tens\varepsilon}\\
+I\tens B\ar[ur]^{\eta\tens B}&&&B\tens I\ar[d]^{\rho_B}\\
+B\ar[u]^{\lambda_B^{-1}}\ar@{=}[rrr]&&&B\\
+}
+</math>
+commute. The object <math>A</math> is called a left dual of <math>B</math> (and conversely <math>B</math> is a right dual of <math>A</math>).
+}}
+{{Lemma|
+Two left (resp. right) duals of a same object <math>B</math> are necessarily isomorphic.
+}}
+{{Definition|title=Compact closed category|
+A symmetric monoidal category <math>(\mathcal{C},\tens,I)</math> is ''compact closed'' when every object <math>A</math> has a right dual <math>A^*</math>. We write
+:<math>\eta_A:I\to A^*\tens A</math> and <math>\varepsilon_A:A\tens A^*\to I</math>
+for the corresponding duality morphisms.
+}}
+{{Lemma|
+In a compact closed category the left and right duals of an object <math>A</math> are isomorphic.
+}}
+{{Property|
+A compact closed category <math>\mathcal{C}</math> is monoidal closed, with closure defined by
+:<math>\mathcal{C}(A\tens B,C)\cong\mathcal{C}(B,A^*\tens C)</math>
+}}
+{{Proof|
+To every morphism <math>f:A\tens B\to C</math>, we associate a morphism <math>\ulcorner f\urcorner:B\to A^*\tens C</math> defined as
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+B\ar[r]^-{\lambda_B^{-1}}&I\tens B\ar[r]^-{\eta_A\tens B}&(A^*\tens A)\tens B\ar[r]^-{\alpha_{A^*,A,B}}&A^*\tens(A\tens B)\ar[r]^-{A^*\tens f}&A\tens C\\
+}
+</math>
+and to every morphism <math>g:B\to A^*\tens C</math>, we associate a morphism <math>\llcorner g\lrcorner:A\tens B\to C</math> defined as
+:<math>
+\xymatrix{
+A\tens B\ar[r]^-{A\tens g}&A\tens(A^*\tens C)\ar[r]^-{\alpha_{A,A^*,C}^{-1}}&(A\tens A^*)\tens C\ar[r]^-{\varepsilon_A\tens C}&I\tens C\ar[r]^-{\lambda_C}&C
+}
+</math>
+It is easy to show that <math>\llcorner \ulcorner f\urcorner\lrcorner=f</math> and <math>\ulcorner\llcorner g\lrcorner\urcorner=g</math> from which we deduce the required bijection.
+}}
+{{Property|
+A compact closed category is a (degenerated) *-autonomous category, with the obvious duality structure. In particular, <math>(A \otimes B)^* \cong A^*\otimes B^*</math>.
+}}
+{{Remark|The above isomorphism does not hold in *-autonomous categories in general. This means that models which are compact closed categories identify <math>\otimes</math> and <math>\parr</math> as well as <math>1</math> and <math>\bot</math>.}}
+{{Proof|
+The dualizing object <math>R</math> is simply <math>I^*</math>.
+For any <math>A</math>, the reverse isomorphism <math>\delta_A : (A \multimap R)\multimap R \rightarrow A</math> is constructed as follows:
+<math>\mathcal{C}((A \multimap R)\multimap R, A) := \mathcal{C}((A \otimes I^{**})\otimes I^{**}, A) \cong \mathcal{C}((A \otimes I)\otimes I, A) \cong \mathcal{C}(A, A)</math>
+Identity on <math>A</math> is taken as the canonical morphism required.
+}}
+== Other categorical models ==
+=== Lafont categories ===
+=== Seely categories ===
+=== Linear categories ===
+== Properties of categorical models ==
+=== The Kleisli category ===
 == References ==